fell什么意思篇(1):考研英语冲刺提分可以做些什么

　　我们在进行考研英语的冲刺阶段时，想要提分的小伙伴们，要想清楚要做些什么。小编为大家精心准备了考研英语冲刺提分的方法，欢迎大家前来阅读。
　　考研英语冲刺提分的技巧
　　英语阅读备考三步走
　　总体来说，阅读部分在现阶段需要分三步来展开备考：一，在规定时间内做题，不查单词;二，查阅生词(在做题中所遇到的生词、分析句子、分析选项，总结出来，因为这些核心词汇每年都有机会再考)三，了解文章在讲什么，并选出其中两三句翻译。涉及到的真题为09-13年的考研英语阅读。一定要明白题型的解题思路，并真正了解正确选项及干扰项的选项特点。
　　作文备考两点谨记
　　作文部分，考生们切记两点，避免低级语法错误，保证书写整洁。判卷人对低级语法错误非常敏感，一定要避免;卷面对于写作部分而言很关键，如果卷面脏乱，直接会降档次。具体来说备考策略，如下：首先，背各年作文，背完默写。其次，12月初每天写一篇(大小都写，先写真题，写完再做模拟)。然后，12月中旬，每天下午两点，把大小作文模板默写一遍。
　　其它英语部分找技巧
　　剩下的模块，简单给同学们提几个要领。
　　完形部分，不做模拟题，只做真题，做到无生词、无难句的程度、需要对篇章进行理解。总结常见的词，有些词是核心词中得核心，与其他题目想通。
　　新题型部分，学生方法仍然不会用，想得高分的话怎么办?让学生在没有看选项的情况下，自己写中间应该填写什么，是一个有效的方法。学生应当将这些方法内化成自己能力。建议考生在考前半个月再做一遍。此外，还可以用阅读A去做阅读B，分析每个段落之间的关系，对七选五有效。对于排序题，借助阅读书籍，整理文章架构。同时对阅读A也有帮助。
　　翻译部分，若没有时间读全文，需要浏览文章第一句话，全部划线句子掌握后，有时间可以翻译阅读中的出题点句子。
　　作文模板：
　　一、问题类作文
　　第一段
　　(1)As is vividly portrayed in the drawing above, 总体描述一句, which seems to be interesting and ridiculous (形容词的选择可以换用其他). However, (2)The most striking feature that impresses me deeply is that unbelievably, 具体描述. (3)Recent few years has witnessed a phenomenon of 主题. (5)Obviously, its symbolic meaning subtly conveyed should be given deep consideration.
　　第二段
　　(1) To account for the above-mentioned phenomenon, (several reasons can contribute to it.) serious effects have been put forward. (2)To begin with,主题 not only does harm to our 可指人,社会,家庭,集体都可以 but also results in a frustrating life among young. In addition, it would be no exaggeration to say that, in any period or in any conditions that can now be foreseen, 不好的现象 is utmost significance to us humans. Last but not least, here is no denying that due attention should be attached to this phenomenon. If we turn a blind eye to the problem, our community will go from bad to worse.
　　第三段
　　(1)it is, therefore, necessary that some effective measures are supposed to be taken to prevent主题(不好的现象). (2)For one thing, the relevant authorities should be sensible to strengthen the enforcement of the laws to protect 好的现象. (3)For another, it is demanding for us to keep aware of the importance of saving somebody out of the evil hands of destruction. (4)Although the fight against it has still a long way to go, our efforts will eventually pay off.可选择后面一种说法 it is only when you attention to it that we can see a colorful and harmonious future better sooner or later.
　　二、积极类作文
　　第一段
　　(1)As is vividly depicted in the picture,(描述总体图画).(2) I was profoundly attracted by most striking feature that (图画重点信息). (3)There is no doubt that its symbolic meaning subtly conveyed should be given deep consideration.
　　第二段
　　(1)As is symbolically revealed in the set of drawings indicates: that 主题is momentous and fundamental to any one who undertakes great deeds. (2)Undoubtedly, it is 主题(比如自信,合作,等等) that keeps us continually doing something valuable and admirable in spite of difficulty, that makes us still full of energy to face the coming challenges and competition and that offers us the foundation for the coming success. (3)If we don not 主题sincerely, we will live a depressing life and feel loss of hope about the future. 以下优点可以根据文章的篇幅适度增加.(4)As far as I am concerned, there are several advantages that can be given as below. To begin with, nothing is more beneficial than 主题 to overcome our defects and improve our efficiency. (5)What’s more, no issue is as good as 主题 to make our life more colorful and energetic. (6)Only by cooperating with other people can you put your capacities into full play and can you be the winner in the society.
　　第三段
　　(1)From what have been discussed above, it goes without saying that doing things whether great or small there are more or less difficulties, it is much better for one to involve yourself into a 主题. (2)It is therefore, necessary that some effective measures are taken to make ourselves more efficient. (3) The most important element is that we should popularize the spirit if 主题and bear in mind the spirit of A and puts it into practice whenever and wherever. Only when you pay attention to it can you make it better sooner or later.
　　三、谚语
　　顺便附一些作文中，尤其是人生价值观类的文中能用到的谚语，希望大家可以找机会看一下：
　　Nothing is impossible for a willing heart. 心之所愿，无所不成。
　　One today is worth two tomorrows. 一个今天胜似两个明天。
　　It is never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。
　　From small beginning come great things. 伟大始于渺小。
　　Genius is nothing but labor and diligence. 天才不过是勤奋而已。
　　A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半。
　　Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst. 抱最好的愿望，做最坏的打算。
　　Good health is over wealth. 健康是最大的财富。
　　A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit. 吃一堑，长一智。
　　Better late than never. 迟做总比不做好;晚来总比不来好。
　　Care and diligence bring luck. 谨慎和勤奋才能抓住机遇。
　　A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever. 一本好书，相伴一生。
　　A young idler, an old beggar. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。
　　Caution is the parent of safety. 小心驶得万年船。
　　A miss is as good as a mile. 失之毫厘，差之千里。
　　A sound mind in a sound body. 健全的精神寓于健康的身体。
　　Don‘t put off till tomorrow what should be done today. 今日事，今日毕。
　　Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起身体好。
　　Will is power. 意志就是力量
　　Seeing is believing. 眼见为实
　　Necessity is the mother of invention. 需要是发明的动力。
　　Truth never fears investigation. 事实从来不怕调查。
　　Virtue is fairer far than beauty. 美德远远胜过美貌。
　　考研英语小作文信件写作技巧
　　▶一、道歉信
　　道歉信是由于自己的疏忽失误而向对方表达歉意并出于诚意写出具体弥补办法。第一段首先亮出写作目的并简单阐述该物品的状态：I am writing to make an apology to you for+句子(表明事件因由)。
　　第二段列出出错的原因及具体补救办法：To make up my fault, ......\ I will......as a token of my apology\ I sincerely apologize for my careless mistake as well as for any inconvenience thus caused to you.
　　第三段再一次表达歉意：Once again, I am sorry for my carelessness. Looking forward to your reply.
　　应用文中的这三类投诉信、建议信、道歉信，每一类都有其写作的范式和具体的内容要求，并且语言要求简单准确，所以这需要大家清楚每一类文章的一些常用语句，在平常积累背诵，在考场上信手拈来。
　　▶二、投诉信
　　投诉信是对于产品、服务等的不满意，进而需要写出自己的意见和要求。
　　第一段需写写信的目的以及自己的一个概括的期望：常用套话比如I venture to write to complain about ……+定语从句;I would be grateful if you could do anything necessary to solve the problem facing me.
　　第二段阐述两、三方面所面临的产品或服务的问题及后果：there are several aspects underlying this complaint. For one thing,......For another,......In addition,......
　　第三段给出具体的期望，比如退款或更换新产品：It is my sincere hope that you could give me full refund or replace it with a new one. Your kind reply to this letter at your earliest convenience would be very much appreciated.
　　▶三、推荐信
　　推荐信可以推荐一个人、一个地方、一本书、一部电影。在信中表明推荐的内容、原因及进一步的沟通。
　　第一段概括说要推荐的内容：I am writing to you to recommend .I have sufficient reasons to introduce this to you and I dare say this is the best I have ever seen.
　　第二段叙述推荐的东西的价值，可以从表面和深层两方面来写：This movie/book/city的主题或城市坐落于哪里。What is more, 情节吸引人、里边景色引人入胜。Finally, this movie will definitely change our attitude toward this world and the people around us. We will learn that......
　　第三段总结句：Therefore I don’t hesitate to recommend this to you. I am sure you will enjoy the。
　　▶四、辞职信
　　辞职信内容应包括简单对所在公司及领导的感谢，并表明辞职原因并表达歉意，最后再致歉并送上简单祝福。第一段首先致谢：I am grateful to be employed as 职位+时间。Thank you for your kind attention and I would appreciate the opportunity of having worked here.
　　第二段表明自己要辞职，列出原因，比如离家远想换到更近的位置;工作不适合自己等等。现在给大家一个例子：However, I regret having to resign from my position. The reason for changing my working plan is that I have expected the job to be interesting and challenging, which turns out to be the opposite. As a young man full of enthusiasm, I therefore decide to quit this job for something else.
　　可以根据自己的具体情况给出自己的理由，切不可千篇一律。
　　第三段简单表明希望得到允许、歉意及祝福：I sincerely hope that you approve of my resignation. I am sorry for any inconvenience caused. Wish you and your company great success in the future.
　　▶五、建议信
　　一般就某个社会问题或个人问题给出自己的意见或建议，比如环境要改善的谏言;研究生活应该如何进行，等等。分两类建议信，一类写给机构，语言要正式严谨;而如果写给熟人，则语言可以随意一些。第一段概括写出写信的大致内容：I am writing here to provide some advice to improve......\You have asked me for my advice concerning/with regard to......
　　第二段详述具体的建议，可分条阐述：To begin with,......Besides,......Moreover,......
　　第三段总结段：I hope you will find these suggestions useful and I would be ready to discuss this matter with you to further details. I am looking forward to your reply and wish you a good work.
　　▶六、求职信
　　求职信内容包含简单告知求职人从何处获悉空缺职位;自我介绍阐述职位所需的而自己符合的优点;盼对方早日恢复给以面试机会。第一段：I am looking for a position in 专业 department in which I may use my training in 专业 to solve 专业 problems. I am writing the letter in purpose of applying for your recently advertised position for a staff member.
　　第二段：表明自己符合该职位。I am sure that I am qualified for it. First, enclosed with this letter is my resume, which further details my previous academic qualifications and working experience. Second, I am young, enthusiastic and sociable, and these personalities also make me a perfect candidate for it. Last, my hobbies include......
　　第三段：盼能给以面试机会并表示感谢。I wish you would give me an opportunity to be interviewed. I can be reached by calling me or the address on the envelope. I would appreciate it very much if you could consider my application favorably at your earliest convenience and give me a reply.
　　考研英语阅读技巧
　　具体方法是：在其他四道题的题干和所有选项(包括它们的错误选项)中寻找一些意思相同或相近(或表述同一概念范畴)的重复出现的关键词，这些词是主旨词。在主旨题的四个选项中，与主旨词意思或褒贬性最接近的选项就是答案。具体请看下面的真题示例。
　　例1，2012年英语(一)Text 3
　　第35题是主旨题(答案：C)，该题如下：
　　Which of the following would be the best title of the test?
　　[A]. Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development
　　[B]. Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery
　　[C]. Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science
　　[D]. Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science
　　其余四道题是：
　　[第31题] According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its
　　[A]. uncertainty and complexity
　　[B]. misconception and deceptiveness
　　[C]. logicality and objectivity
　　[D]. systematicness and regularity
　　[第32题] It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires
　　[A]. strict inspection [B]. shared efforts
　　[C]. individual wisdom [D]. persistent innovation
　　[第33题] Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it
　　[A]. has attracted the attention of the general public
　　[B]. has been examined by the scientific community
　　[C]. has received recognition from editors and reviewers
　　[D]. has been frequently quoted by peer scientists
　　[第34题] Albert Szent-Gyorgyi would most likely agree that
　　[A]. scientific claims will survive challenges
　　[B]. discoveries today inspire future research
　　[C]. efforts to make discoveries are justified
　　[D]. scientific work calls for a critical mind
　　[解析]：在其余四道题的题干和选项中，重复出现的关键词主要有scientific、discovery和credibility/credible，如红色字体所示，它们是主旨词。在主旨题第35题的四个选项中，含有主旨词的选项是BCD。其中，因为scientific和discovery是同类词，所以含主旨词信息量最多的选项是CD，答案应在CD中选择。CD都含相同的主旨词scientific和credibility，不能确定哪一个是答案。此时，再看含主旨词的题干，根据题干表述的意思确定答案。仔细研读发现，第31题和第32题的题干中都含有关键词process，它与主旨题选项C中Evolution的意思接近，所以C是主旨题的正确答案。【特别注意，题干中出现的关键词是最重要的。只需根据题干关键词也可直接找出答案】
　　例2，2010年英语(一)Text 1
　　第25题是主旨题(答案：B)，该题如下：
　　What would be the best title for the text?
　　[A]. Newspapers of the Good Old Days (过去美好时代的报纸)
　　[B]. The Lost Horizon in Newspapers (报纸中消失的视野)
　　[C]. Mournful Decline of Journalism (新闻业可悲的衰退)
　　[D]. Prominent Critics in Memory (记忆中着名的评论家)
　　其余四道题是：
　　[第21题] It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that
　　[A]. arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers
　　[B]. English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews
　　[C]. high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers
　　[D]. young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies
　　[第22题] Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by
　　[A]. free themes [B]. casual style
　　[C]. elaborate layout [D]. radical viewpoints
　　[第23题] Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?
　　[A]. It is writers" duty to fulfill journalistic goals
　　[B]. It is contemptible for writers to be journalists
　　[C]. Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism
　　[D]. Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing
　　[第24题] What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?
　　[A]. His music criticism may not appeal to readers today
　　[B]. His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute
　　[C]. His style caters largely to modern specialists
　　[D]. His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition
　　[解析]：在其余四道题的题干和选项中，重复出现的关键词主要有criticism/reviews (评论，出现5次)、newspapers (出现4次)、writers (作者，出现4次)、journalistic/journalism (新闻业，新闻业的，出现3次)，如红色字体所示。特别注意，关键词writers和journalistic/journalism虽然出现多次，但是它们是集中出现在一道题中，而非涵盖多道题，出现次数只是等同于一次，所以它们不是主旨词。主旨词是criticism/reviews和newspapers。在主旨题第25题的四个选项中，含有主旨词的选项是AB，答案应在AB中选择。注意，选项D中的Critics (评论家)不是主旨词。接下来，再仔细分析AB，发现A强调的是newspapers，B强调的是the Lost Horizon。而主旨词criticism/reviews出现次数最多，还未用上，所以不能选A，A中找不出能够表述criticism/reviews的内容。事实上，B中的the Lost Horizon正是criticism/reviews的同义替换，所以B是正确答案。
　　例3，2010年(英语二)Text 1
　　第25题是主旨题(答案：C)，该题如下：
　　The most appropriate title for this text could be
　　[A]. Fluctuation of Art Prices
　　[B]. Up-to-date Art Auctions
　　[C]. Art Market in Decline
　　[D]. Shifted Interest in Arts
　　其余四道题是：
　　[第21题] In the first paragraph, Damien Hirst"s sale was referred to as “a last victory” because
　　[A]. the art market had witnessed a succession of victories
　　[B]. the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bids
　　[C]. Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpieces
　　[D]. it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis
　　[第22题] By saying “spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable” (Line 1-2, Para.3)，the author suggests that
　　[A]. collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctions
　　[B]. people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleries
　　[C]. art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extent
　　[D]. works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying
　　[第23题] Which of the following statements is NOT true?
　　[A]. Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007 to 2008
　　[B]. The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum
　　[C]. The art market generally went downward in various ways
　　[D]. Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come
　　[第24题] The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are
　　[A]. auction houses " favorites
　　[B]. contemporary trends
　　[C]. factors promoting artwork circulation
　　[D]. styles representing impressionists
　　[解析]：在其余四道题的题干和选项中，重复出现的关键词最多的是art market，出现4次;其次是auction、fashion和fell/downward (意思相近)，分别都出现2次，如红色字体所示。这些词(特别是art market)是主旨词。在主旨题第25题的四个选项中，含主旨词art market的选项只有C。而且，C中还含有与主旨词fell/downward意思相近的decline。所以，C是主旨题的正确答案。
　　例4，2010年英语(二)Text 4
　　第40题是主旨题(答案：D)，该题如下：
　　In discussing the US jury system, the text centers on
　　[A]. its nature and problems
　　[B]. its characteristics and tradition
　　[C]. its problems and their solutions
　　[D]. its tradition and development
　　其余四道题是：
　　[第36题] From the principles of the US jury system, we learn that
　　[A]. both liberate and illiterate people can serve on juries
　　[B]. defendants are immune from trial by their peers
　　[C]. no age limit should be imposed for jury service
　　[D]. judgment should consider the opinion of the public
　　[第37题] The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed
　　[A]. the inadequacy of antidiscrimination laws
　　[B]. the prevalent discrimination against certain races
　　[C]. the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures
　　[D]. the arrogance common among the Supreme Court judges
　　[第38题] Even in the 1960s, women were seldom on the jury list in some states because
　　[A]. they were automatically banned by state laws
　　[B]. they fell far short of the required qualifications
　　[C]. they were supposed to perform domestic duties
　　[D]. they tended to evade public engagement
　　[第39题] After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed
　　[A]. sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished
　　[B]. educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors
　　[C]. jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community
　　[D]. states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system
　　[解析]：在其余四道题的题干和选项中，重复出现的关键词主要有jury (出现8次)，其次是selection (出现4次)、discrimination/antidiscrimination (出现3次)、state (出现3次)，如红色字体所示。仔细比较发现，主旨题第40题的四个选项中并不含有上述重复出现的任一关键词。此时，换个角度分析。注意到，有三道题的题干中出现了时间 ( 第37的“prior to 1968”、38题的“in the 1960s”) 或表述时间范畴 (第39题的“after…”)，据此可直接判断为，主旨应该与时间有关。而在主旨题的四个选项中，只有选项D (传统与发展)最能表述时间范畴，所以D是正确答案。【特别注意：题干中出现的主旨词是最重要的。优先考虑题干中出现的主旨词。若题干中没有，再考虑选项中出现的主旨词】。

fell什么意思篇(2):英文my love的中文是什么意思

　　my love是我们在英文爱情电影中比较常见的用语，那么这到底是表达的是什么中文意思呢?下面就让百分网小编给大家分享关于英文my love的中文意思的知识吧，希望能对你有帮助!
　　英文my love的中文意思
　　我的爱;我的爱人;我亲爱的;
　　love [lʌv]　美 [lʌv]
　　及物/不及物动词 欢; 爱，热爱; 爱戴; 赞美，称赞
　　及物动词 欢; 喜爱; 喜好; 爱慕
　　名词 爱; 爱情，爱意; 疼爱; 爱人，所爱之物
　　英文my love的单语例句
　　1. " I would love to create my own lines now, " Schiffer told a luxury conference in Berlin organized by the International Herald Tribune.
　　2. I made them realize that my English is far from perfect and if it were possible I would love to converse in Chinese.
　　3. " The love for my mother persists every day and night, " explains Liu.
　　4. My first love is rugby and I avidly followed South Africa in the 2011 Rugby World Cup.
　　5. I came to the World Championships because it"s the sport I love to do and it"s all my dad wanted me to do.
　　6. I do love being with my parents, but I also just really fear domestication.
　　7. I"d love to tell you what happened next but my notes become erratic around this point.
　　8. But I must admit I did not completely fall in love with Beijing until I loved her from the bottom of my stomach.
　　9. Fashion has always been such a big part of my life, and I love how Rochas exudes a woman"s femininity but is still unexpected.
　　10. I don"t pay much attention to my love life because work satisfies my desire for life.
　　英文my love的双语例句
　　1. MY undying and unconditional love to all of you for your gifts and love.
　　我的永恒和无条件的爱给你们大家，给予你们礼物和爱。
　　2. When I find my soulmate, she will receive my undying love and respect.
　　当我找到我伴侣，她会得到我永远的爱和尊重。
　　3. I love my baby cow.
　　我都好爱叉烧包。
　　4. I can`t help muttering: your warmth is my most love.
　　我情不自禁地呢喃，你的怀抱时我最流连的地方。
　　5. I promise, if you were interested enough to come here, then you will LOVE my other site, it"s way better: YouMustChoose. com
　　我承诺，如果你来到这里没的尽兴，你可能会爱我的其他网站，它的方式更好：YouMustChoose.com
　　6. I has begun to scale up my love on you!
　　我开始按比例增加我用在你身上的爱!
　　7. If I love you, I`m growing as a result of my love.
　　如果我爱你，我会在爱中慢慢的变得成熟。
　　8. I am BO LI, my wife is WEIWEI ZHANG. We met at high school in 2001. I fell in love with her when first time I met her. Because she looks beautiful and smart.
　　我叫李博，我的妻子叫张微微，我们在2001年高中时候认识的，当我第一次见到她就爱上了她，因为她很漂亮而且很聪明。
　　9. Currently purchase second-hand housing commission in 1%~3% ratio between 2.5% most of the intermediaries used, such as China and Japan earlier Shun Chi, I love my home for 2%, 3% and chain home and in various secret that for withheld, In fact, each of the four charges were ultimately quite broad.
　　目前北京官方规定的二手房购买的佣金比例在1%~3%之间，大部分中介机构采用2.5%，比如中大和以前的顺驰，我爱我家为2%，而链家则为3%，在各种明折暗扣下，其实最终每家的收费都大体相当。

fell什么意思篇(3):非谓语动词的定义是什么意思

　　非谓语动词，又叫非限定动词，非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)，即动词的非谓语形式。下面是百分网小编给大家整理的非谓语动词的定义简介，希望能帮到大家!
　　非谓语动词的定义
　　在句子中充当除谓语以外的各种句子成分的动词形式，叫做非谓语动词(the Non-Finite Verbs)。非谓语动词也是动词的一种，他们有着动词的其他特点，可以充当主语、宾语、状语等。非谓语动词与谓语动词是相对的概念。
　　非谓语动词与谓语动词
　　相同点
　　如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如：
　　They built a garden.
　　They suggested building a garden.
　　都可以被状语修饰：
　　The suit fits him very well.
　　The suit used to fit him very well.
　　都有主动与被动，“体”式(一般式;进行式;完成式)的变化。例如：
　　He was punished by his parents.(谓语动词被动语态)
　　He avoided being punished by his parents.(动名词的被动式)
　　We have written the composition.(谓语动词的完成时)
　　Having written the composition,we handed it in.(现在分词的完成式)
　　都可以有逻辑主语
　　They started the work at once.(谓语动词的逻辑主语)
　　The boss ordered them to start the work.(动词不定式的逻辑主语)
　　We are League members.(谓语动词的主语)
　　We being League member,the work was well done. (现在分词的逻辑主语)
　　否定式一般用not,并且放在非谓语动词之前
　　不同点
　　非谓语动词可以有名词作用(如动词不定式和动名词)，在句中做主语、宾语、表语。
　　非谓语动词可以有形容词作用(如动词不定式和分词)，在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。
　　非谓语动词可以有副词作用(如动词不定式和分词)，在句中作状语。
　　谓语动词在句中作谓语，受主语的人称和数的限制;非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语，它不受主语的人称和数的限制。
　　英语中不能单独做句子的谓语。
　　非谓语动词形式功能
　　动词不定式
　　动词不定式：(to)+ do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。
　　否定式：not + (to) do
　　以do为例，动词不定式的构成如下：
　　1.一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后.
　　例如：
　　It"s nice to meet you.很高兴见到你。
　　He seems to know a lot. 他看起来懂得很多。
　　We plan to pay a visit. 我们计划去参观。
　　He wants to be an artist. 他想成为一个艺术家。
　　The patient asked to be operated on at once. 病人要求马上手术。
　　The teacher ordered the work to be done. 老师要求完成工作。
　　2.进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：
　　The boy pretended to be working hard. 男孩假装工作得很努力。
　　He seems to be reading in his room. 看起来他正在他的房间里面读书。
　　3.完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：
　　I regretted having told a lie. 我后悔我说谎了。
　　I happened to have seen the film. 我偶然看过这部电影。
　　He is pleased to have met his friend. 他很高兴能遇上他的朋友。
　　不定式的句法功能：
　　(1)作主语：
　　To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。
　　To lose your heart means failure. 灰心意味着失败。
　　动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可用如下形式：
　　It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。
　　It means failure to lose your heart. 灰心意味着失败。
　　常用句式有：
　　1、It+be+名词+to do。
　　2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。
　　3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to do。常用careless,,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词，不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。
　　2.作表语：
　　Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打扫大厅。
　　He appears to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。
　　3.作宾语：
　　常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want,hope,wish,offer,fail,plan,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help,agree,promise,prefer,如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语(不定式)后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：
　　Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 马克思发现研究俄国的情况是很重要的。
　　动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如：
　　I have no choice but to stay here. 我只能留在这里，别无选择。
　　He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 他上周日除了修他的自行车什么也没干。
　　动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如：
　　He gave us some advice on how to learn English. 他给了我们一些学英语的建议。
　　4.作宾语补足语：
　　在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want,wish,ask,tell,order,beg,permit,help,advise,persuade,allow,prepare,cause,force,call on,wait for,invite.
　　此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：
　　With a lot of work to do,he didn"t go to the cinema. 他有很多工作要做，所以没去电影院。
　　有些动词如make,let,see,watch,hear,feel,have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to,如：
　　I saw him cross the road. 我看见他横过公路。
　　He was seen to cross the road. 他被我看见横过公路。
　　5.作定语：
　　动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：
　　①动宾关系：
　　I have a meeting to attend. 我有一个会议要出席。
　　注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：
　　He found a good house to live in. 他找到了一个居住的好房子。
　　The child has nothing to worry about. 这个孩子无忧无虑。
　　What did you open it with? 你用什么打开它?
　　如果不定式修饰time,place,way，可以省略介词：
　　He has no place to live. 他无处安身。
　　This is the best way to work out this problem. 这是解决这个问题的最好办法。
　　如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：
　　Have you got anything to send? 你要送什么东西吗?
　　Have you got anything to be sent? 你有什么东西需要送吗?
　　②说明所修饰名词的内容：
　　We have made a plan to finish the work. 我们制定了一个完成工作的计划。
　　③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：
　　He is the first to get here. 他第一个来到这儿。
　　6.作状语：
　　①表目的：
　　He worked day and night to get the money. 他夜以继日地工作来赚钱。
　　She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 她卖掉了自己的头发来买那条表链。
　　注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：
　　wrong：To save money,every means has been tried.
　　right：To save money,he has tried every means. 为了省钱，他使出了浑身解数。
　　wrong：To learn English well,a dictionary is needed.
　　right：To learn English well,he needs a dictionary. 为了学好英语，他需要一本词典。
　　②表结果(往往是与预期愿望相反的结果 意料之外)：常放在never only后
　　He arrived late only to find the train had gone. 他来晚了，只见火车已经走了。
　　I visited him only to find him out. 我去拜访他，只见他出去了。
　　③表原因：常放在形容词后面
　　They were very sad to hear the news. 他们听到这条新闻非常伤心。
　　④表程度：
　　It"s too dark for us to see anything. 太暗了，我们什么也看不见。
　　The question is simple for him to answer. 这问题由他来回答是很简单的。
　　7.作目的状语：既可以放在句首，也可以放在句尾
　　To tell you the truth,I don"t like the way he talked. 说实话，我不喜欢他讲话的方式。
　　8.不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。
　　If you don"t want to do it,you don"t need to. 如果你不想做这件事，你就不必做。
　　9.不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。
　　He wished to study medicine and become a doctor. 他希望学医并成为医生。
　　不定式
　　1. “to” 是不定式符号还是介词，下列短语中的to 都是介词。
　　agree to object to close to,come to,lead to,refer to,
　　equal to,familiar to,point to,thank to,devote to,next to,belong to,be used to,look forward to
　　2. 带to 还是不带to
　　I have no choice but to give in
　　I cannot do anything but give in
　　I saw him enter the classroom .
　　( 但是：He was seen to enter the classroom .)
　　3. 动词不定式逻辑主语是由for 作为标记的。但是有时用of .
　　区别：当使用for时，句中形容词修饰的是不定式;而用of时，句中形容词修饰逻辑主语。
　　It’s necessary for you to study hard .(necessary 修饰 to study hard，表示学习努力是有必要的)
　　It’s foolish of him to do it .(foolish 修饰逻辑主语him)
　　与of 连用的形容词有：
　　good,kind,nice,wise,clever,foolish,right,wrong,careful,careless,polite,…
　　与for连用的通常是一些表示可能性、难易程度、必要性等含义的形容词：
　　possible，impossible，easy，hard，difficult，necessary，…
　　4.后接不定式作宾语的动词有：
　　want,hope,wish,like,begin,try,need,forget,agree,know,promise,teach,refuse,help,arrange,dare,decide,determine,fail,manage,offer,prepare,continue,ask,mean,choose,expect etc.
　　需要宾语补足语的动词不能用动词不定式直接做介词的宾语，而要用it做形式宾语。例如：通常不说We think to obey the laws is important . 而说We think it important to obey the laws .
　　5.不定式作宾语补足语时省略to的情况：若不定式前的谓语动词是使役动词make，let，have(表示“让、使”)、感官动词see，watch，look at，observe， notice，hear，listen to， feel时，不定式符号to可以省略。这些动词亦可总结为口诀：“三使五看两听一感觉”。例如：
　　Let"s (to)go!走吧!
　　He saw the thief (to)steal a lady’s cellphone.
　　注：改为被动句时要把to还原，例如：
　　The thief was seentosteal a lady’s cellphone.
　　6.不定式的省略。下列短语中，如果意义明确，常常省略到to。
　　want to,wish to,hope to,like to,hate to,plan to,try to,love to,have to,ought to,need to,used to,be able to
　　7.不定式作定语，应注意两种关系：
　　1)动宾关系：
　　He has a lot of meeting to attend .
　　Please lend me something to write with .
　　He is looking for a room to live
　　He is looking for a room to live in .
　　He has no money and no place
　　to live ( in ) .
　　I think the best way to travel ( by ) is on foot .
　　There is no time to think ( about ) .
　　2)主谓关系：
　　She is always the last ( person) to speak at the meeting .
　　----I’m going to the post office,for I have a letter to post . ( 逻辑主语是I )
　　-------Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now ( 逻辑主语不是I )
　　7.不定式作状语，可以有以下几种意义：
　　1) 原因
　　He is lucky to get here on time .
　　这种结构中常用的形容词有：
　　happy,glad,delighted,pleased,sorry,eager,anxious . lucky,fortunate,proud,angry surprised,frightened,disappointed,ready,clever,foolish,worthy
　　2) 目的
　　He came to help me with my maths .
　　3) 结果
　　I hurried to get there only to find him out .
　　The book is too hard for the boy to read .
　　He is old enough to go to school .
　　8 . 不定式作补足语
　　I saw him play in the street just now .
　　能跟不带to 的不定式作补足语的动词有：
　　see,feel,hear,listen to,look at,watch,let,have make,observe,notice
　　注： 当这些词为被动式时，不定式要带to,如：
　　He was seen to play in the street just now.
　　动名词
　　动名词：
　　动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。
　　一般式(谓语动词同时发生)
　　doing
　　being done
　　完成式(谓语动词发生之前)
　　having done
　　having been done
　　动名词的形式：Ving
　　否定式：not + 动名词
　　一般式：
　　Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
　　被动式：
　　He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。
　　完成式：
　　We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。
　　完成被动式：
　　He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
　　他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。
　　否定式：not + 动名词
　　I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。
　　复合结构：物主代词(或名词所有格)+ 动名词
　　He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。
　　His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
　　他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。
　　动名词的句法功能：
　　作主语：
　　Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。
　　Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。
　　当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。
　　It"s no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。
　　作表语：
　　In the ant city,the queen"s job is laying eggs.
　　在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。
　　作宾语：
　　They haven"t finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。
　　We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
　　我们必须阻止空气被污染。
　　注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如：
　　We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。
　　要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：
　　enjoy,finish,suggest,avoid(避免)，excuse,delay,imagine,keep,miss,consider,admit(承认)，deny(否认)，mind,permit,forbid,practise,risk(冒险)，appreciate(感激)，be busy,be worth,feel like,can"t stand,can"t help(情不自禁地)，think of,dream of,be fond of,prevent…(from),keep …from,stop…(from)，protect…from,set about,be engaged in,spend…(in),succeed in,be used to,look forward to,object to,pay attention to,insist on,feel like
　　作定语：
　　He can"t walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。
　　Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗?
　　作同位语：
　　The cave,his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。
　　His habit,listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.
　　他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。
　　现在分词
　　现在分词：现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。
　　现在分词的形式：
　　否定式：not + 现在分词
　　1.现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成
　　式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：
　　They went to the park,singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。
　　Having done his homework,he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打篮球。
　　2.现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动
　　词之前的被动的动作。
　　The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
　　Having been told many times,the naughty boy made the same mistake.
　　被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。
　　现在分词的句法功能：
　　作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语做定语
　　放在名词后。
　　In the following years he worked even harder.
　　在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。
　　The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor"s father.
　　正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。
　　现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that
　　followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.
　　现在分词作表语：
　　The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。
　　The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。
　　be + doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的
　　动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。
　　作宾语补足语：
　　如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：
　　see,watch,hear,feel,find,get,keep,notice,observe,listen to,look at,leave,catch等。例如：
　　Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?
　　He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。
　　现在分词作状语：
　　①作时间状语：
　　(While) Working in the factory,he was an advanced worker.
　　在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。
　　②作原因状语：
　　Being a League member,he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。
　　③作方式状语，表示伴随：
　　He stayed at home,cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。
　　④作条件状语：
　　(If) Playing all day,you will waste your valuable time.
　　要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。
　　⑤作结果状语：
　　He dropped the glass,breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。
　　⑥作目的状语：
　　He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。
　　⑦作让步状语：
　　Though raining heavily,it cleared up very soon.
　　虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。
　　⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格：
　　I waiting for the bus,a bird fell on my head.
　　我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。
　　All the tickets having been sold out,they went away disappointedly.
　　所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。
　　Time permitting,we"ll do another two exercises.
　　如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。
　　有时也可用with (without) +名词(代词宾格)+分词形式
　　With the lights burning,he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。
　　⑨作独立成分：
　　udging from(by) his appearance,he must be an actor.
　　从外表看，他一定是个演员。
　　Generally speaking,girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。
　　过去分词
　　过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则
　　要求，要一一记住。
　　过去分词作定语：
　　Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。
　　Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。
　　注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做
　　定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
　　过去分词作表语：
　　The window is broken. 窗户破了。
　　They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
　　注意：be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别：
　　The window is broken.(系表)
　　The window was broken by the boy.(被动)
　　有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如：
　　boiled water(开水) fallen leaves(落叶)
　　newly arrived goods(新到的货) the risen sun(升起的太阳)
　　the changed world(变了的世界)
　　这类过去分词有：gone,come,fallen,risen,changed,arrived,returned,passed等。
　　过去分词作宾语补足语：
　　I heard the song sung several times last week.
　　上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
　　有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语：
　　With the work done,they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。
　　过去分词作状语：
　　Praised by the neighbours,he became the pride of his parents.
　　受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。(表示原因)
　　Once seen,it can never be forgotten.
　　一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。(表示时间)
　　Given more time,I"ll be able to do it better.
　　如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。(表示条件)
　　Though told of the danger,he still risked his life to save the boy.
　　虽然被告之有危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。(表示让步)
　　Filled with hopes and fears,he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。