The web is made of open standards. This was a significant factor in the web’s displacement of proprietary application platforms. Openness is hugely attractive, so much so that the web dominates over competitors with better technologies. The difficult tradeoff that comes with a standards-based approach is that it is difficult to innovate. As a result, the basic technologies of the browser have been stalled for a decade. What innovation we’ve enjoyed, such as the Ajax revolution, has come by mining all of the latent, accidental potential of the existing standards. That potential has been used up.
互联网是由开放的标准组成的。这对互联网代替私有的应用平台是一个重要的因素。开放是非常有吸引力的，也正因为如此互联网凭借更好的技术控制着其他的竞争对手。然而当基于标准的方法来临时，无疑创新会变得越来越困难。结果是，浏览器最基本的技术停滞发展了一段很长的时间。一些让我们欣喜的创新，如AJAX革命等，是一种在现有标准上的再发掘的潜能。然而这种潜能已经几近枯竭。
If we are to go forward, we must repair the standards. This is something that must be done with great care. A revision to a standard is an act of violence, just like any surgical procedure. It should only be undertaken when the likely benefit far exceeds the cost and the pain and the risk. The web is particularly troublesome because it did not anticipate the management of software updates, which is why IE5, an ancient browser, still has more users than Safari and Opera combined. Changes to the standard can put developers in a very difficult position because the benefits to users of some browsers become the seeds of failure for the users of others. Developers must manage this gulf, and it is not easy. Developers are not well served by new standards that make their jobs even harder.
如果我们想继续往前走更远，我们必须修正标准。这是一项必须非常小心的事情。标准的修订是一种暴力行为，如同外科手术一样。只有在标准带来的好处远远高于它本身的耗费及缺点时，标准才能真正被使用。互联网并没有预先的软件升级管理，这使得它成为了一个非常复杂的环境，就比如IE5，一个非常非常古老的浏览器，其用户份额却比Safari和Opera加起来还要更多。正因为如此，标准的改变将使开发者陷入一个非常困难的环境，很多对于某些浏览器的优点却可能变成其他浏览器潜在的错误。开发者必须管理并减小这些差别，但这却是不容易的。同时，开发者未能更好的适应使用新标准也增加了他们工作的难度。
I think it is instructive to look at two approaches to managing innovation within a standards based system, one that I view as a success, and the other not so much. JavaScript was a promising but half-baked language that was irresponsibly rushed to market and then irresponsibly cast into a standard. That standard is called ECMAScript to avoid a trademark dispute. That standard was last revised in 1999.
我觉得，把基于标准的系统和并不十分标准的系统放在一起比较并产生革新是非常有益的。JavaScript是一个非常有希望的语言，但它的自身也非常不成熟，它被过快的不负责任地扔入了浏览器市场，又被不负责任地扔入了标准的圈子里。为了避免潜在的版权纠纷，这项标准被称为ECMAScript。它最后更新的时间是1999年。
It is clear that the language needs to be updated, but TC39 (the committee that is responsible for drafting a new standard) could not reach consensus on how to do it, so it split into two groups, each producing its own proposal. This was a good thing in that competition is healthy, and I believe that competition inspired improvements to both proposals. This was also a bad thing because no standards organization can adopt two proposal for the same standard. Without consensus, both proposals must fail.
非常显而易见的，这门语言需要更新升级了。但是TC39在如何更新的问题上，却不能达到一致。所以他们分成了两个小组，分别实现各自的目标。这样的健康的竞争是非常有帮助的，我也相信竞争会改善两组各自的目标。 但是，这也是个不好的事情，因为没有一个标准组织会接受一项标准拥有两个不同的提议。如果不能达成一致，这两个提议都将会失败。
On one side there was the proposal called ES4. It was unfortunate that it adopted that name because it strongly suggested that it was destined to be the Fourth Edition of ECMAScript, a fate that was not certain. The project was very open to new ideas and features, adopting a porkbarrel attitude that was almost Congressional in its expansiveness. Lots of good ideas were included without an adequate analysis of the language as a whole system. As a result, many overlapping features were adopted which would have significantly increased the complexity of the language.
其中一项提议被称为ES4。这个名称的使用很不幸运，因为它强烈的暗示了它一定会是ECMAScript的第四版，然而它并不一定会是。该项目对于新思想新特征非常的开放，并采纳了许多看法，尽管这些思想并没有基于这门语言系统进行充分的分析。结果，许多复杂的特征被采用，并最终提升了整个语言的复杂性。
ES4 was so large and so innovative that there were doubts about whether it could be successfully specified and implemented. More worrisome, there was no experience with the language itself. Would the interaction of features cause unintended problems as we saw in ES1 and ES3? The schedule for ES4 required that the standard be put in place and adopted by the browser makers before that question could be answered. This is a problem because once a bug is ed into a standard, it can be extremely difficult to remove it. All of the features, considered individually, were attractive. But taken as a whole, the language was a mess.
ES4非常的庞大，也引入了许多新思想，这不禁令人们担心它会不会被成功的接受和使用。更令人不安的是，对于语言的本身，并没有任何使用经验。那些极富吸引力的新特性会不会如ES1和ES3一样产生许多潜在的问题？ES4的制定安排要求这项标准必须被浏览器开发者接受并植入浏览器后才能回答刚才的问题。这会是一个很大的问题，当一个小bug错误的加入了标准，到时候想要去除掉它就会非常的困难了。单独考虑ES4所有的新特性，都是非常有吸引力的。但是全部放到一起，语言非常的混乱。
On the other side was a proposal called ES3.1. Its name indicated a less ambitious proposal, being a smaller increment over the current Third Edition. This project was intended to repair as many of the problems with the language as possible while minimizing the pain of disruption. New syntax was considered only when it was already implemented and proven in at least three of the four major browsers. Feature selection tended to favor necessary improvements over desirable improvements.
另一项提议被称为ES3.1。它的名字暗示它相比于现在的ES3只有较少的变革。这个项目的目标是修复语言中存在的诸多错误。新的句法只有在至少三至四个主流浏览器植入并测试过之后才会被考虑加入。他们更多的选择必须的特性，而不是可拥有的特性。
ES3.1 was more minimal in approach. The set of feature interactions was much smaller and much easier to reason about. ES3.1 is likely to complete its specification and will be the candidate for the Fourth Edition.
ES3.1更容易接受。新特性的吸引力会较小，但是也更容易实现。ES3.1也可能完成它的文档，从而成为ES真正第四版的候选。
ES4 had a large head start (by as much as seven years by some estimates), but was unable to meet its deadlines. Ultimately, the project fell apart when some of the key members left.
ES4的制定起步很早（估计至少7年之前），然而我们看不到它到底什么时候能结束。最终，由于核心成员的离去，这项工程被搁浅。
Some of the features that were in ES4 were reasonable, so a new project, called Harmony, is starting which will look at adapting the best of ES4 on top of ES3.1. The success of this project will depend on the ability of TC39 to do a better job of managing the tradeoffs between innovation and stability, and adopting a discipline for managing complexity. Simplicity should be highly valued in a standard. Simplicity cannot be added. Instead, complexity must be removed.
现在，由ES4引入的一些合理的新特性，重新成为了一项新项目，被称为Harmony。这个项目的成功与否取决于TC39权衡创新与稳定二者的能力，以及对复杂度的管理上。在某种程度上，简约应受到足够的重视，而不应被矫饰。所以，一些冗余必须被剔除。
It turns out that standard bodies are not good places to innovate. That’s what laboratories and startups are for. Standards must be drafted by consensus. Standards must be free of controversy. If a feature is too murky to produce a consensus, then it should not be a candidate for standardization. It is for a good reason that “design by committee” is a pejorative. Standards bodies should not be in the business of design. They should stick to careful specification, which is important and difficult work.
现在看来标准的主体并不是一个创新的好地方。这也正是实验室存在的目的。标准必须经过一致的协商，也必须有充分的辩论。如果一个特性很难达成一致，那么它应 该从标准草案中去除。标准的主体不能在有商业目的的情况下设计。它们必须坚持谨慎的设计，这同时是一个相当困难的工作。
I see similar stories in HTML5. The early work of WHATWG in documenting the undocumented behavior of HTML was brilliant. It went off the rails when people started to just make new stuff up. There is way too much controversy in HTML5. I would like to see a complete reset with a stronger set of design rules. Things can be much worse than the way things currently are. Having smart people with good intentions is necessary but not sufficient for making good standards.
我也在HTML5里面看见了很类似的情况。WHATWG的早期对于文档化HTML中没有文档的特性的工作是非常棒的。然而当人们开始只关注创造新东西时，它们开始偏离轨道。在HTML5中存在太多的争议。事情可能会比现在存在的更糟糕。也许，让一些有目的的聪明人制定好的标准是必须却又不够的。
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Part B
In the following article, some paragraphs have been removed. For Questions 66 to 70, choose the most suitable paragraph from the list A-F to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There is one paragraph which does not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
There are as many definitions of philosophy as there are philosophers--perhaps there are even more. After three millermia of philosophical activity and disagreement, it is unlikely that we"ll reach consensus, and I certainly don"t want to add more hot air to the volcanic cloud of unknow- ing. What I"d like to do in the opening column in this new venture is to kick things off by asking a slightly different ouestion: What is a ohilosooher?
66.
Socrates tells the story of Thales, who was by some accounts the first philosopher. He was looking so intently at the stars that he fell into a well. Some witty Thracian servant girl is said to have made a joke at Thales" expense--that in his eagerness to know what went on in the sky he was unaware of the things in front of him and at his feet. Socrates adds, in Seth Benardete"s transla- tion, "The same jest suffices for all those who engage in philosophy. "
What is a philosopher, then? The answer is clear: a laughing stock, an absent-minded buf- foon, the butt of countless jokes from Aristophanes" "The Clouds" to Mel Brooks" "History of the World",. Whenever the philosopher is compelled to talk about the things at his feet, he gives not only the Thracian girl but the rest of the crowd a belly laugh.
67.
But as always with Plato, things are not necessarily as they first appear, and Socrates is the greatest of ironists. First, we should recall that Thales believed that water was the universal sub- stance out of which all things were composed. Water was Thales" philosophers" stone, as it were. Therefore, by falling into a well, he inadvertently presses his basic philosophical claim.
But there is a deeper and more troubling layer of irony here that I would like to peel off more slowly. Socrates introduces the "digression" by making a distinction between the philosopher and the lawyer, or what Benardete nicely renders as the "pettifogger".
68.
By contrast, we might say, the philosopher is the person who has time or who takes time.
Theodorus, Socrates" interlocutor, introduces the "digression" with the words, "Aren"t we at leis- ure, Socrates?" The latter"s response is interesting. He says, "It appears we are. " As we know, in philosophy aooearances can be deceotive.
69.
Pushing this a little further, we might say that to philosophize is to take your time, even When you have no time, when time is constantly pressing at your back. The busy readers of The New York Times will understand this sentiment.
70.
Socrates says that those in the constant press of business, like lawyers, policy-makers, mort- gage brokers and hedge fund managers, become "bent and stunted" and they are compelled "to do crooked things". The pettifogger is undoubtedly successful, wealthy and extraordinarily honey- tongued, but, Socrates adds, "small in his soul and shrewd and a shyster. " The philosopher, by contrast, is free by virtue of his or her other-worldliness, by their capacity to fall into wells and ap- pear silly.
A.The philosopher"s clumsiness in worldly affairs makes him appear stupid, or, "gives the im- pression of plain silliness. " We are left with a rather Monty Pythonesque definition of the philosopher: the one who is silly.
B.The lawyer is compelled to present a case in court and time is of the essence. In Greek legal proceedings, a strictly limited amount of time was allotted for the presentation of cases. Time was measured with a water clock or clepsydra, which literally steals time, as in the Greek kleptes, a thief or embezzler. The pettifogger, the jury, and by implication the whole socie- ty, live with the constant pressure of time. The water of time"s flow is constantly threatening to drown them.
C.But the basic contrast here is that between the lawyer, who has no time, or for whom time is money, and the philosopher, who takes time. The freedom of the philosopher consists in ei- ther moving freely from topic to topic or simply spending years returning to the same topic out of perplexity, fascination and curiosity.
D.It is our hope that some of them will make the time to read The Stone. As Wittgenstein says,"This is how philosophers should salute each other: " Take your time. " "
E.Socrates believes that the philosopher neither sees nor hears the so-called unwritten laws of the city, that is, the mores and conventions that govern public life. The philosopher will dis- regard the societal rifles given to a person.
As Alfred North Whitehead said, philosophy is a series of footnotes to Plato. Let me risk adding a footnote by looking at Plato"s provocative definition of the philosopher that appears in the middle of his dialogue, "Theaetetus," in a passage that some scholars consider a "di- gression". But far from being a footnote to a digression, I think in this moment Plato tells us something hugely important about what a philosopher is and what philosophy does.
Part B
就像有很多哲学家一样，哲学的定义也有很多——或许比哲学家更多。即使在长达三千年之久的哲学活动和分歧之后，我们看待问题仍然会存在差异。对于不可知论，在这里我不发表看法，以免引起争议。在新争论之前，我想通过一个别样的问题来开始我的话题：哲学家是什么?
66.
正如艾尔弗雷德·诺思·情特黑德所说，对柏拉图来说哲学是一系列的脚本。让我不妨通过柏拉图对哲学家的富有挑衅意味的定义这个方式来加注一个脚注。这个定义出现在他的一篇被众多学者称之为“题外话”的“泰阿泰德篇”文章的对话中。但这远不是一个题外话脚注，个人认为这个时候，柏拉图是想告诉我们一些关于什么是哲学家以及哲学用来干什么的重要的问题。
苏格拉底讲述了被称之为第一个哲学家的泰勒斯的故事。他如此专心地看着星星，以致失足掉到了井里。据说一些诙谐的色雷斯女仆拿泰利斯开了一个玩笑——在他渴望知道天空中发生了什么时，他却不知道在他的面前和脚下发生的事情。在塞特·博纳德特的译着中，苏格拉底补充说道，“同样的笑话就足够那些从事哲学的人研究的了。”
那么到底什么是哲学家呢?答案是明确的：一个笑料，一个心不在焉的小丑，从阿里斯托芬的“云”到梅尔·布鲁克斯的“世界历史”的无数笑柄。当哲学家不得不谈论他脚下的事物时，他会让其余的观众连同色雷斯女仆一起捧腹大笑。
67.
哲学家在世俗事上的笨拙表现让他显得愚蠢，或者“给人头脑简单的印象”。蒙蒂-皮桑尼斯科留给我们的哲学定义是：愚蠢之人。
但是就如柏拉图通常所说的，事物往往并非像他们第一次出现的那样，苏格拉底是最犀利的讽刺家。首先，我们应该记得，泰勒斯认为水是宇宙万物的源泉。水是泰勒斯步入哲学领域的点金石。因此掉到井里让他不经意间得出了基本哲学主张。
但是关于这里更深层的、更令人不安的讽刺，我想娓娓道来。苏格拉底通过区分哲学家和律师引入了“题外话”，而Benardete则适当地提出了“讼棍”的概念。.
68.
律师要求在法庭上陈述案情，时间是至关重要的。在希腊的法律程序中，案件的呈现是严格限于一定时间之内的。衡量时间的是一个水钟或者漏壶，字面意思就是抢断时间，在希腊语中，是小偷或者贪赃犯的意思。讼棍，陪审团还有社会上的其他人都间接生活在时间的恒定压力中。时间流动的水一直威胁着他们，要把他们淹死。
相反的，我们可能会说，哲学家是那些有时间或者说消磨时间的人。苏格拉底的对话者——西奥多勒斯通过一句话引入了“题外话”，他说“苏格拉底，难道我们不清闲吗?”苏格拉底的反应很有趣。他说，“表面上看起来是那样的。”我们知道，哲学具有欺骗性。
69.
但这里的是律师和哲学家的基本对比。对于律师来说，他们要么没有时间，要么时间就是金钱。对哲学家来说，他们消耗时间。哲学家的自由，包括在不同主题上的自由转换，或者出于困惑，入迷和好奇，在同一问题上纠缠。
更进一步，我们可能会说，理性思考浪费时间，即使你没有时间，或时间追着你跑，却还是要思考。繁忙的《纽约时报》的读者们能理解这种情绪。
70.
我们希望一些人花时间去阅读《石头》。正如维特根斯坦所说，…花费时间’就是哲学家之间应该有的互相尊重的方式”。
苏格拉底说，那些不变的行业，如律师、决策者、抵押贷款经纪人和对冲基金经理，他们变得扭曲和局限了。毫无疑问，他们所做的不正当的事情最后让他们变得成功、富有、能说会道。但是，苏格拉底还说，“他们是心胸狭隘、精于算计的卑鄙奸诈之徒。”相比之下，哲学家因为他们自己内心的理想世界，他们因思考问题而落入井中的能力以及他们的大智若愚，而让他们更加自由。
66.F【精析】第一段中“There are as many definitions of philosophy asthere are philosophers--perhaps there are even more.”，阐述了“哲学因哲学家而被赋予了更多的定义”，在结尾提出“What is a phi—losopher?”，哲学是什么的问题，接下来的一段是先介绍哲学，然后再一步步的过渡到哲学家，故选F。
67.A【精析】上一段说到“What is a philosopher，then?The answer isclear：a laughing stock.”，哲学家会让观众捧腹大笑，下面一段则是通过这种看似愚蠢的行为再次定义“哲学家”这个概念，故选A。
68.B【精析】上一段中有“Socrates ingoduces the‘digression’by makinga distinction between the philosopher and the lawyer，or what Benar—dete nicely renders as the‘pettifogger’.”，简单的引入苏格拉底区分律师与哲学家的区别，这一段开始详细描述，故选B。
69.C【精析】上一段结尾“As we know，in philosophy appearances Can bedeceptive.”，在哲学上表象往往具有欺骗性，这一段继续讨论苏格拉底提出的问题，但是是从另外一个角度，根据“But”一词判断，故选C。
70.D【精析】上一段提出“Pushing this a little further，we might say thatto philosophize is to take your time，even when you have no time，when time is constantly pressing at your back.”，关于时间的话题，在结尾又说道“The busy readers of The New Yor kTimes will under-stand this sentiment.”，关于读者的问题，本段承接了上一段，借维特根斯坦的话提出希望，故选D。
导语：中考英语的作文需要一些经典的金句来润色，下面是YJBYS小编收集整理的2017中考英语写作经典金句，希望对你有帮助!
●经济的快速发展 the rapiddevelopment of economy
●人民生活水平的显着提高/稳步增长theremarkableimprovement/ steady growth of people’s livingstandard
●先进的科学技术advanced science and technology
●面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges
●人们普遍认为It is commonly believed/ recognized that…
●社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development
●引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention
●不可否认 Itis undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…
●热烈的讨论/争论 a heated discussion/ debate
●有争议性的问题 a controversialissue
●完全不同的观点 a totally different argument
●一些人 …而另外一些人 … Some people… while others…
●就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally,
●就…达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on…
●有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons
●双方的论点 argument on both sides
●发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in…
●对…必不可少 be indispensableto …
●正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes:
●.…也不例外 …be no exception
●对…产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on…
●利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages。
●导致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in
●复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon
●责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement
●竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation
●开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision
●学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills
●经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychologicalburden
●考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration
●从另一个角度 from another perspective
●做出共同努力 make joint efforts
●对…有益 be beneficial / conducive to…
●为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society
●打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for…
●综合素质 comprehensivequality
●无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach
●加大了…的可能性 increase the chances of
●致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to…
●应当承认 Admittedly
●不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty
●满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of…
●可靠的信息源 a reliablesource of information
●宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources
●因特网 the Internet (一定要有冠词，字母大写I)
●方便快捷 convenient andefficient
●在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life
●环保(的) environmental protection / environmentallyfriendly
●社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress
●科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of science andtechnology
